Fig. 1

End-user stakeholder groups (right-hand boxes) consulted when designing a systematic review of methods that quantify anti-predator behaviour in mammals. Arrows indicate each groups’ broad interests in the various steps (left-hand boxes) required for improving conservation outcomes. Robust behavioural assays facilitate the accurate discrimination of individuals or populations based on certain desirable behavioural attributes. This information can then be used to directly inform conservation management, whereby effective conservation management strategies ultimately lead to improved conservation outcomes