Fig. 7From: Identifying the most effective behavioural assays and predator cues for quantifying anti-predator responses in mammals: a systematic reviewDifference in effect sizes between studies that had non-predator stimulus control cues (stimulus), compared to those that had the absence of any stimuli as a control (blank) (a), and between studies that pool males and females, compared to those who analyse males and females independently (b). Error bars indicate mean +− standard errors of the meanBack to article page