Table 2 Variables extracted from included studies

Species

Common name

E.g. Cheetah

Latin name

E.g. Acinonyx jubatus

IUCN conservation status

E.g. Endangered

IUCN threats to species

E.g. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

Sex

Male, female, both

Population Source

Captive, havened, wild

Size

Small < 5 kg, medium 5–20 kg, or large > 20 kg

Assay

Assay type

E.g. flight initiation distance, trap behaviour, giving-up density

Behaviour measured

E.g. avoidance, docility, exploratory behaviour, fear

Type of predator exposure

Comparison between populations with varying exposure to predators

Yes/no

Use of predator cue

Yes/no

Direct or contextual

Acoustic, visual, or olfactory

A, V, O, AV, AO, VO, or AVO

Type of predator

E.g. terrestrial or aerial

Cue properties

Type of cue

E.g. faeces, urine, call, taxidermied model

Did the cue move?

Yes/no

Size of cue

Small < 5 kg, medium 5–20 kg, large > 20 kg

Cue material

Organic or synthetic

Robustness of methods

Sample size

• Number of individuals

• Number of populations (treatment groups)

• Number of repeat measures per individual

• Number of repeat measures per population

Measure of repeatability

• Within individuals

• Within populations

What was the control

Blank, stimulus, or population

If/how the methods were validated

E.g. fate of individuals, success criteria

Effect size (difference in means between treatment and control group)

• Mean response (and standard deviation) of treatment group

• Sample size of treatment group

• Mean response (and standard deviation) of control group

• Sample size of control group

-OR-

• Median of treatment group

• Minimum and maximum of treatment group

• Interquartile range of treatment group

• Median of control group

• Minimum and maximum of control group

• Interquartile range of control group