Table 3 Behavioural assays used to quantify anti-predator responses in mammals

Behavioural focal

Ad libitum observations of unprovoked behaviours, without the presentation of a stimulus

Activity

[5, 73,72,73,76]

Exploration

[5]

Foraging

[77, 78]

Vigilance

[74, 77, 78]

Other

[74]

Capture probability

The probability of an animal entering a trap. Traps may be treated with predator cues

Exploration

[79,78,79,80,81,82,83,86]

Feeding station

Monitoring of behaviour around a food source. May include a stimulus

Activity

[51, 87,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,96]

Escape

[97, 98]

Exploration

[15, 51, 89,88,91, 93, 95, 97, 99,98,99,100,103]

Foraging

[15, 51, 87,86,89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 100, 102, 104,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,116]

Vigilance

[15, 87, 89,88,91, 95, 97, 101, 105, 117, 118]

Flight initiation distance

The distance at which the animal flees from an approaching predator stimulus

Escape

[15, 119,118,119,120,121,124]

Giving-up density

The food density at which the animal chooses to leave the foraging patch. May include a stimulus

Foraging

[75, 79, 85, 91, 92, 118, 125,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,159]

Stimulus presentation

Behavioural observations of an animal following the presentation of a predator or other stimulus

Activity

[41, 45, 160,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,234]

Escape

[15, 49, 52, 121, 163, 166, 186, 187, 198, 199, 201,200,201,204, 219, 229, 232, 235,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,248]

Exploration

[52, 102, 120, 153, 161, 165, 167, 172, 174, 176,175,178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201,200,203, 205,204,207, 210,209,210,213, 217, 219, 222, 225, 229, 230, 233, 237, 240, 241, 244, 247, 249,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,262]

Foraging

[40, 41, 102, 161,160,161,164, 167, 171, 179, 185, 198, 211, 230, 234, 237, 247, 263,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,271]

Vigilance

[41, 52, 102, 122, 160,159,160,161,162,163,166, 170,169,172, 174,173,176, 178, 182, 192, 198, 201,200,201,204, 217, 231, 236, 237, 239, 247,246,249, 251, 258, 263,262,263,264,267, 271,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,283]

Other

[161, 201, 203, 204, 217, 225,224,227, 229, 233, 258, 262, 277, 284]