Fig. 2From: Quantitative evidence synthesis: a practical guide on meta-analysis, meta-regression, and publication bias tests for environmental sciencesVisualisation of the three types of non-independence among effect sizes: A due to shared study identities (effect sizes from the same study), B due to shared measurements (effect sizes come from the same group of individuals/plots but are based on different types of measurements), and C due to shared control (effect sizes are calculated using the same control group and multiple treatment groups; see the text for more details)Back to article page