Table 10 Typology of social outcomes.
Category | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Safety and security | Physical security, including personal safety and community sense of safety; vulnerability, resilience, or adaptive capacity | Crime rates; crime severity; acts of violence; threats; emergency services; safety at work; sense of personal security; sense of community security; perceptions of livelihood security in relation change; capacity to deal with shocks; opportunity diversification |
Health | Individual mental or physical health or access to health services | Mortality; life expectancy; healthcare access; physical health; emotional health; emotional health; disease occurrence; nutrition; life satisfaction |
Education and skills | Formal and informal education and training, capacity building, or associated infrastructure | Formal education; informal skills and training; environmental education; climate change education; literacy rates; school attendance or enrollment; access to education and training; livelihood skills; fellowships; degrees awarded |
Knowledge and awareness | Knowledge and awareness of environmental issues and NBS, often as a result of education | Awareness or knowledge of environmental issues, NBS coastal hazards, coastal mitigation, coastal protection, climate change, or related programs; community activities and outreach; awareness building and advertising |
Social capital | Social relations, networks, and resources used by individuals and groups to increase well-being, includes external (government) relations | Social cohesion; trust in neighbors; sense of community; community spaces; conflicts; community support; perceptions of discrimination; also external relations between individuals or groups and the government—trust in government ability to resolve conflicts; perception of government efficiency |
Culture | Cultural, societal, and traditional values related to nature and natural resources, including community activity and spiritual or religious beliefs | Place attachment; sense of home or place; time spent outdoors; access to nature; outdoor activities; aesthetic value; generational connections and heritage; self-definition at individual and community levels; sense of connection to livelihood; perceptions of one's culture by others; demography of cultural groups (ethnic, religious, linguistic, diversity); use, transfer, or preservation of traditional ecological knowledge and place names; sense of home or place; cultural identity; cultural heritage; spiritual or religious beliefs or values; cultural activities, events, and festivals; cultural practices and customs; traditional use of resources; traditional management activities; social organization; access to sacred sites |
Basic infrastructure | Infrastructure necessary for water, sanitation, energy, education, transportation, communication, etc. | Existence, provision, status, or maintenance of basic infrastructure required for individuals and communities, including infrastructure for water, sanitation, energy, education, transportation, communication, etc |
Rights, empowerment, and governance | Structures and processes for decision-making, including formal and informal rules; participation or engagement in or control of decision making, accountability, transparency, justice, and empowerment; resource rights | Resource or property rights including withdrawal, exclusion, alienation, management, access; participation in community groups; female participation in user groups; voting rates; financial contribution to community groups or organizations; power or access to power through collaboration or other processes; capacity building initiatives; financial sovereignty; political capital; political organizing; creation, destruction, or changes to institutions for environmental management |