Table 2 Search substrings created for population and interventions

Population

Coastal ecosystems

(TI=(oyster* OR mussel* OR bivalve* OR shell* OR cultch* OR coral* OR reef* OR marsh* OR saltmarsh* OR wetland* OR estuar* OR kelp OR seaweed* OR seagrass* OR "sea grass*" OR mangrove* OR swamp* OR mangal* OR "aquatic plant*" OR vegetation)

OR AB=(oyster* OR mussel* OR bivalve* OR shell* OR cultch* OR coral* OR reef* OR marsh* OR saltmarsh* OR wetland* OR estuar* OR kelp OR seaweed* OR seagrass* OR "sea grass*" OR mangrove* OR swamp* OR mangal* OR "aquatic plant*" OR vegetation))

Intervention

NBS

(TI=("nature based solution*" OR "nature based strateg*" OR "nature based defen$e*" OR "nature based protection*" OR "nature based coastal" OR "nature based shoreline*" OR "nature based mitigation" OR "nature based infrastructure" OR "hybrid infrastructure" OR "hybrid technique*" OR "natural climate solution*" OR "natural infrastructure" OR "eco* engineer*" OR "ecosystem friendly engineering" OR bioengineer* OR "blue engineering" OR "building with nature" OR "engineering with nature" OR "working with nature" OR "nature derived solution*" OR "nature based feature*" OR "nature inspired solution*" OR "nature inclusive design*" OR "nature inspired design*" OR "nature derived design*" OR "soft protection strateg*" OR "soft shoreline*" OR "coastal adaptation*" OR "ecosystem* based adaptation*" OR "ecosystem* based measure*" OR "ecosystem* based mitigation" OR "disaster risk reduction" OR "living shoreline*" OR "coastal defen$e*" OR "natural barrier*" OR bioshield* OR "coastal protection" OR "protect* coast*" OR "shoreline protection*" OR "blue infrastructure" OR "soft defen$e*" OR "shoreline defen$e*" OR "managed realignment" OR "ecosystem based disaster risk reduction" OR "coastal resilienc*" OR "shoreline resilienc*" OR "restor* ecosystem* function*") OR AB=("nature based solution*" OR "nature based strateg*" OR "nature based defen$e*" OR "nature based protection*" OR "nature based coastal" OR "nature based shoreline*" OR "nature based mitigation" OR "nature based infrastructure" OR "hybrid infrastructure" OR "hybrid technique*" OR "natural climate solution*" OR "natural infrastructure" OR "eco* engineer*" OR "ecosystem friendly engineering" OR bioengineer* OR "blue engineering" OR "building with nature" OR "engineering with nature" OR "working with nature" OR "nature derived solution*" OR "nature based feature*" OR "nature inspired solution*" OR "nature inclusive design*" OR "nature inspired design*" OR "nature derived design*" OR "soft protection strateg*" OR "soft shoreline*" OR "coastal adaptation*" OR "ecosystem* based adaptation*" OR "ecosystem* based measure*" OR "ecosystem* based mitigation" OR "disaster risk reduction" OR "living shoreline*" OR "coastal defen$e*" OR "natural barrier*" OR bioshield* OR "coastal protection" OR "protect* coast*" OR "shoreline protection*" OR "blue infrastructure" OR "soft defen$e*" OR "shoreline defen$e*" OR "managed realignment" OR "ecosystem based disaster risk reduction" OR "coastal resilienc*" OR "shoreline resilienc*" OR "restor* ecosystem* function*"))

Intervention

Hazards (coastal protection)

(TI=("coastal hazard*" OR "extreme weather" OR "extreme event*" OR "severe storm*" OR tsunami* OR typhoon* OR cyclon* OR hurricane* OR "tropical storm*" OR "storm surge*" OR monsoon* OR northeaster* OR nor'easter OR "sea level*" OR "high wind" OR "wave action") OR AB=("coastal hazard*" OR "extreme weather" OR "extreme event*" OR "severe storm*" OR tsunami* OR typhoon* OR cyclone* OR hurricane* OR "tropical storm*" OR "storm surge*" OR monsoon* OR northeaster* OR nor'easter OR "sea level*" OR "high wind" OR "wave action")) AND (TI=(erosion OR erod* OR flood* OR inundat* OR "storm surge*") OR AB=(erosion OR erod* OR flood* OR inundat* OR "storm surge*")) AND (TI=(coast* OR shoreline* OR *tidal OR estuar* OR marsh*) OR AB=(coast* OR shoreline* OR intertidal OR subtidal OR tidal OR estuar* OR marsh*))

Intervention

Mitigation (coastal protection)

(TI=(reduc* OR mitigat* OR protect* OR dissipat* OR dampen* OR attenuat* OR stabili$* OR trap* OR buffer* OR armour* OR armor* OR barrier* OR accret* OR adapt* OR breakwater*) OR AB=(reduc* OR mitigat* OR protect* OR dissipat* OR dampen* OR attenuat* OR stabiliz* OR trap* OR buffer* OR armour* OR armor* OR barrier* OR accret* OR adapt* OR breakwater*)) AND (TI=(hazard* OR erosion OR erod* OR flood* OR "storm surge*" OR wave* OR soil OR sediment* OR substrat* OR shoreline*) OR AB=(hazard* OR erosion OR erod* OR flood* OR "storm surge*" OR wave* OR soil OR sediment* OR substrat* OR shoreline*)) AND (TI=(coast* OR shoreline* OR *tidal OR estuar* OR marsh*) OR AB=(coast* OR shoreline* OR intertidal OR subtidal OR tidal OR estuar* OR marsh*))

Intervention

Restoration

(TI=(construct* OR plant* OR install* OR restor* OR enhance* OR creat* OR retrofit*) OR AB=(construct* OR plant* OR install* OR restor* OR enhance* OR creat* OR retrofit*))